Lesson 09 - Nonesma Leciono


Vortifado
des- (This suffix is used for making the direct opposite of the root word):
bona - good -> desbona - bad (mala)
bela - beautiful -> desbela - ugly (leda)
facila - easy -> desfacila - difficult


Vortaro

chipa cheap
freque frequently
forta strong
harda hard
richa rich
fortuno fortune
helpo help
honoro honour
neta clean
ordino order



<a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)
From the above vocabulary make words for the following (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. rarely
2. soft
3. expensive
4. dirty
5. dishonour
6. weak
7. disorder
8. misfortune
9. hindrance
10. poor


The Infinitive
Here are some examples of English verb infinitives: to eat, to sing, to clean.
As can be seen, English uses two words, to + whatever the verb happens to be.
Ido, however, uses only one word and indicates the infinitive by the ending - ar:
manjar - to eat, kantar - to sing, netigar - to clean
(Don't forget that with an infinitive the stress no longer falls on the penultimate syllable, but is on the -ar itself: manjar', kantar').

Hidden Infinitives: Note that English does not always use the full infinitive, occasionally dropping the 'to':
'I must go', 'I can go', which logically speaking should be 'I must to go'
'I can to go', on the same pattern as 'I want to go', and 'I try to go'
(Ido: Me mustas irar, me povas irar, me volas irar, me esforcas irar)


Three types of Infinitives:
(bearing the accent or stress of voice on the last syllable -AR, -IR, -OR)

The PRESENT INFINITIVE of verbs ends in -ar (accented):
kredar - to believe; donar - to give
cf. The present tense ends in -as:
me kredas - I believe
me donas - I give

The PAST INFINITIVE ends in -ir (accented):
kredir - to have believed
donir - to have given
cf. The past tense ends in -is:
Me kredis - I believed./ I have believed
Me donis - I gave. / I have given

The FUTURE INFINITIVE of verbs ends in -or (accented):
kredor - to be about to believe
donor - to be about to give
cf. The future tense ends in -os:
Me kredos - I shall believe
Me donos - I shall give

Common Mistakes
(1) You cannot have two 's' endings together, such as 'El mustas iras', 'Il ne povis venas'. The second verb must be an infinitive:
El mustas irar. Il ne povis venar.
(2) Avoid the temptation to use 'a' or 'ad' with an infinitive.
'El volas ad iras' or 'El volas ad irar' is nonsense.
The 'to' of 'She wants to go' is already conveyed by the -ar ending.

(On rare occasions 'por' may be used for 'to' where it really means 'in order to': Me laboras por vivar. - I work (in order) to live. However this construction is not included in the following examples.)


Vortaro

darfar to be allowed to (may)
esar to be
esforcar to try
komprar to buy
konduktar to drive
mustar to have to (must)
povar to be able to (can)
prizar to like
regardas to look at
savar to know
televiziono television



<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
1. Me mustas irar.
2. Vu mustas venar.
3. Me volas savar.
4. Il ne povas koquar.
5. Il volas savar.
6. Il mustas esar bona.
7. Il darfas havar la hundo.
8. Me povas konduktar kamiono.
9. La mediko ne povas venar.
10. Mea onklulo volas manjar.
11. Vi darfas manjar la pomi.
12. Mea fratino prizas kantar.
13. El darfas komprar ol.
14. Me esforcis koquar la karno.
15. Me prizas vizitar mea fratino.
16. Me esforcos skribar a tu.
17. Kad il darfas regardar la televiziono?
18. La yunulo volas komprar ca automobilo.
19. Li esforcas regardar la televiziono.
20. Ni ne darfas vizitar la malada yuno.


Vortaro

an at
arivar to arrive
berjero armchair
binoklo spectacles
chefa main/chief
chino Chinaman
dineo dinner
agar to do
fairo fire
filiino daughter
filiulo son
formulo formula
forsar to force
furioza furious
ganar to win
ibe there
ilua his
kande when
karto card
lasta last
longa long
lore then
manuo hand
nam for
nivo snow
quale as
romano novel
sempre always
trans across
vere really
vers towards
viro man
ludar to play
detektivo detective
komfortoza comfortable
du kloki two o'clock
misterioza misterious
pedbalono football
pistolo pistol
sekreta secret
sidar to be sitting
siorino Mrs.
sideskar to sit down
de tempo a tempo from time to time
rakonto tale
vestibulo hall
sun-binoklo sun glasses
tamen however
cirkum about
sua his/her/their own
dil = di la of the



Rakonto por Infanti
Hiere pos dineo me lektis romano a mea filiino qua evas dek yari. Mea filiulo ne esis ibe. Il evas dek-e-quar yari e preferas ludar pedbalono kun sua amiki kam (than/to) askoltar (listening to) la romano.
Yen parto dil romano:
'Esis kolda nokto en la vintro e Siorino Gato esis en lito sub multa varma kovrili. Tamen en la koqueyo la lampo brilis. Ibe, Henriko la filiulo di Siorino Gato, e la tri detektivi gardis sekreta formulo (formula). Henriko e Konor sidis an la tablo. Li ludis karti kun Adolfus, grosa gorilo qua portis(wore) sun-binoklo. De tempo a tempo Henriko manjis banano e Konor e la gorilo drinkis biro. Henriko esis furioza, nam, quale sempre, la gorilo ganis.
La lasta detektivo qua esis magra chino e qua nomesis Wong, dormis en komfortoza berjero avan la fairo. Ma ye cirkum du kloki en la matino, misterioza viro venis trans la nivo vers la domo. Il forsis la chefa pordo, iris trans la longa vestibulo e lore apertis la pordo dil koqueyo. En sua manuo il havis pistolo.'

<a name="q1"></a>Questioni 1 (Questions 1)
(Click <a href="#q1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
01) Ka la suno brilis?
02) Ube Siorino Gato esis?
03) Ube esis Henriko e Konor?
04) Quon la detektivi gardis?
05) Quon li ludis?
06) Quo esis Adolfus?
07) Qua portis (wore) sun-binoklo?
08) Quon Henriko manjis de tempo a tempo?
09) Qui drinkis biro?
10) Pro quo Henriko esis furioza?
11) Quale la chino nomesis?
12) Quon Wong agis?
13) Ube Wong esis?
14) Kande la misterioza viro arivis?
15) Quale la viro venis en la domo?
16) Quon il havis en sua manuo?


Titles (abbreviations in brackets)
(1) Sioro (Sro) : Mr/Mrs/Miss/Master/Sir/Madam
In theory this can be used to address either a man or a woman, married or single, irrespective of age. For example in a business letter:
Estimata Sioro - Dear Sir/Madam
(2) Siorulo (S-ulo) : Mr/Master/Sir
In practice this is not often used, Sioro being sufficient.
(3) Siorino (S-ino) : Mrs/Miss/Madam
In practice Sioro is not often used for women, Siorino being prefered. This is partly as a compliment to the female sex and partly to help distinguish between different members of the same family:
Sro e S-ino Smith - Mr. and Mrs. Smith
Any woman has the right to be addressed as Sioro, should she so desire it.
Note that Siorino can refer to both married and single women.
(4) Damzelo (Dzlo) : Miss/ young lady:
Should circumstances require it, an unmarried lady may be addressed as damzelo:
Damzelo Jones, Yen S-ino e Dzlo Smith - Here are Mrs. and Miss Smith.
La damzelo (qua esas) ibe - The young lady over there.
(5) Damo : This cannot be used as a title to address somebody. It refers to a married or widowed woman:
La damo ibe - The lady over there.


    • You don't have to learn the following words; they are just for reference. **


En la domo

avana-chambro front room -> avan-chambro somewhere in front of a room
avana-pordo front door -> avan-pordo somewhere in front of a door
balno-chambro bathroom
chambro room
dopa-chambro back room
dopa-pordo back door
dormo-chambro bedroom
eskalero stairs/staircase
fenco fence
fenestro window
fluro landing
gardeno garden
garden pordo
grado step
koqueyo kitchen
latrino toilet/w.c.
manjo-chambro dining room
moblo piece of furniture
plafono ceiling
planko-sulo floor
pordo door
salono parlour/ sitting room
tekto roof
teraso terrace
vestibulo hall



La Homala Korpo (The Human Body)

head kapo
hair (single strand) haro
hair (collective) hararo
forehead fronto
eye okulo
eyebrow brovo
ear orelo
noze nazo
cheek vango
beard barbo
mouth boko
lip labio
tooth dento
tongue lango
moustache labio-barbo
neck kolo
shoulder shultro
chest pektoro
back dorso
breast mamo
belly ventro
waist tayo
hip hancho
muscle muskulo
bone osto
skin pelo
arm brakio
upper arm dopa-brakio
elbow kudo
forearm avana-brakio
wrist karpo
hand manuo
thumb polexo
finger fingro
leg gambo
thigh kruro
knee genuo
shin tibio
calf suro
ankle pedo-kolo
foot pedo
heel talono
sole plando
big toe haluxo
toe ped-fingro




Answers of the Exercises/Questions


<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. desfreque
2. desharda
3. deschipa
4. desneta
5. deshonoro
6. desforta
7. desordino
8. desfortuno
9. deshelpo
10. desricha


<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to return to the exercise)
1. I must go.
2. You must come.
3. I want to know.
4. He cannot cook.
5. He wants to know.
6. He must be good.
7. He may have the dog.
8. I can drive a lorry.
9. The doctor can't come.
10. My uncle wants to eat.
11. You may eat the apples.
12. My sister likes to sing.
13. She is allowed to buy it.
14. I tried to cook the meat.
15. I like to visit my sister.
16. I will try to write to you.
17. May he watch the television?
18. The youth wants to buy this car.
19. They are trying to watch television.
20. We are not allowed to visit the sick boy/girl.


<a name="q1-s"></a>Questions 1 (Click <a href="#q1">here</a> to return to the questions)
01) No, esis kolda nokto.
02) El esis en lito sub multa varma kovrili.
03) Li esis en la koqueyo.
04) Li gardis sekreta formulo.
05) Du de li ludis karti.
06) Lu esas grosa gorilo.
07) Adolfus, grosa gorilo, portis olu.
08) Ilu manjis banano.
09) Konor ed Adolfus.
10) Nam ilu perdis la ludo.
11) Lu nomesis Wong.
12) Lu dormis.
13) Lu esis en komfortoza berjero avan la fairo.
14) Ye cirkum du kloki en la matino.
15) Ilu forsis la chefa pordo.
16) Ilu havis pistolo en sua manuo.