Curso 08
Lesson
08 - Okesma Leciono
Ordinal Numbers
In English these are slightly irregular.
From 'one' we get 'first', from 'two' - 'second', 'three' - 'third', 'four'
- 'fourth', 'five' - 'fifth', and so on.
In Ido all ordinal numbers are regular; -esma is added to the cardinal number:
| first | un + esma = unesma (1ma) |
| second | duesma (2ma) |
| third | triesma (2ma) |
| twentieth | duadekesma (20ma) |
| 144th | cent e quaradek e quaresma (144ma |
Monati (Months)
| januaro | January |
| februaro | February |
| marto | March |
| aprilo | April |
| mayo | May |
| junio | June |
| julio | July |
| agosto | August |
| septembro | September |
| oktobro | October |
| novembro | November |
| decembro | December |
Dati (Dates)
(1) The word for 'of' - 'di' may be omitted, although we do not recommend this
style:
la quaresma (di) mayo - The fourth of May.
(2) With dates 'es' can mean 'it is'. There is no need for an additonal word
for 'it':
Es la dek e nonesma (di) junio - It's the nineteeth of June.
(3) 'Ye' is used for 'on' in expressions of time:
Ye la duadek e okesma di februaro - on the 28th of February.
<a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a> to go
to the answers):
1. Es la kinesma di marto.
2. Es la duesma di januaro.
3. Hiere esis la kinesma di julio.
4. Il ne esis hike ye la kinesma di julio.
5. Esos morge la okesma di mayo.
6. Esos la nonesma di junio morge.
7. Esis la sepesma di agosto hiere.
8. Mea nasko-dio esis ye la unesma di oktobro.
9. La letro venis ye la unesma di februaro.
10. La suno brilis ye la duadekesma di novembro.
11. La yunuli ne laboros ye la quaresma di aprilo.
12. Mea matro venos ye la dekesma di septembro.
Vortifado
-eri- (establishment where something is made or done, implied by the root, though
not necessarily manufacturing or producing it):
drinkerio - public house
agenterio - agency (agento - an agent)
fabrikerio - factory (fabrikas - manufactures)
lakterio - dairy
restorerio - restaurant
rafinerio - refinery
chapelerio - hat factory
distilerio - distillery
Note: -eri- and -ey- are sometimes confused. The former is an establishment,
the latter is a place, For example:
imprimas - prints (verb)
imprimerio - printing works (including offices etc)
imprimeyo - the part of the works, the place/room where the printing takes place
Vesti (Clothes)
| boto | boot |
| ganto | glove |
| kalzego | tights/pantyhose (US) |
| kalzeto | sock |
| kalzo | stocking |
| robo | dress |
| sharpo | scarf |
| shuo | shoe |
| chapelo | hat |
| jaketo | (woman's) coat |
| kamizo | shirt |
| kravato | tie |
| paltoto | (over)coat |
| pantalono | trousers |
| subvesto | under garment |
| surtuto | (long)coat |
| vestono | (man's) jacket |
| jupo | skirt |
| jileto | waistcoat |
| korsajo | blouse |
| trikoturo | pullover |
| manu | sako |
| subjupo | slip |
| kalsono | knickers/pants/(US)briefs/panties |
Interrogative Pronouns (2) (Accusative Form)
So far we have learnt:
Qua? - Who
Qui? - Who?
Quo? - What?
Qua manjas? - Who is eating?
Qui venis? - Who (plural) came?
Quo facas la bruiso? - What is making the noise?
In all the above examples the 'who' or 'what' is doing the action indicated
by the verb. However there are occasions when the 'who' or 'what' will in some
way receive the action:
Whom do you see?
What are you eating?
In these two sentences the 'you' is doing the action.
In the first one the 'whom' is receiving the action by being seen, and in the
second the 'what' is receiving the action by being eaten.
Just as 'who' in English takes an ending and becomes 'whom', so 'qua' and 'qui'
take an ending and become 'quan' and 'quin'.
However, although 'what' in English remains unchanged, 'quo' in Ido follows
the same pattern as 'quan' and 'quin', and becomes 'quon'.
The use of the accusative ending -n is to make it absolutely clear who is doing
the action and who is receiving it.
La viro quan vu vidis. - The man whom you saw.
Quin vu vidas? - Whom (plural) do you see?
Quon il dicis? - What did he say?
Me ne audis (to) quon il dicis. - I did not hear what he said.
Note that in this construction the English word order changes, and 'do' or 'does'
may be inserted, but the Ido word order remains the same:
English:
'You see' becomes 'Whom do you see?' or 'What do you see?'
'You are eating' becomes 'What are you eating?'
Ido:
'Vu vidas' becomes 'Quan vu vidas?' or 'Quon vu vidas?'
'Tu manjas' becomes 'Quon tu manjas?'
<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go
to the answers):
1. Qua vidas me?
2. Quan me vidas?
3. Qua povas vidar li?
4. Quan il povas vidar?
5. Quon vu prizas?
6. Quo manjis mea shui?
7. Quo es en la buxo?
8. Quo drinkis la lakto?
9. Quon vu koquas?
10. Quo es en la domo?
11. Qua manjas la fisho?
12. Qua manjas la karno?
13. Quan la fisho manjas?
14. Quon la ucelo manjas?
15. Quon vu donis a li?
16. Quon vu donis a John?
17. Qui prizas pomi?
18. Qui prizas la uceli?
19. Quin li vidis?
20. Quin mea amiki vidis?
Vortaro
| adreso | address |
| antea | previous |
| apud | next to |
| atesto | certificate |
| bezonar | to need |
| biblioteko | library |
| bone | well |
| brular | to burn |
| centro | centre |
| cinemo | cinema |
| dil = di la | of the |
| direte | directly |
| drinkerio | pub |
| eventar | to happen |
| employo-agenterio | employment agency |
| fakte | in fact |
| homo | person |
| hotelestro | hotel manager |
| hotelo | hotel |
| incendio | fire |
| kom | as |
| incendio-domo | fire station |
| klerko | clerk |
| koquisto | cook |
| laboro | work |
| lando | country/land |
| listo | list |
| livar | to leave |
| naskis | to be born |
| onklulo | uncle |
| rejala | royal |
| evar | to be aged |
| serchar | to look for |
| restorerio | restaurant |
| staciono | station |
| tota | all, the whole |
| vartez! | wait! |
| ye | at/in/on a precise place or time |
| fairo | fire |
| quanta? | how many? |
| quante? | how many? |
| kalsono | knickers/pants/(US)briefs/panties |
Note
1) 'Incendio' is a destructive fire, deliberate or accidental. There is also
'fairo' which is fire in general, and sort found in the home.
2) 'Konocas' is 'knows' in the sense of 'being aquainted with'. Therefore only
used for to 'know a person or a place':
Me konocas Mary.
'Savas' is used for to 'know a fact:
Me savas ke il es stupida.
3) 'Evar' is 'to be so many years old, to be aged so many years' as in:
Me evas 51 (kinadek-e-un) yari. - I am 51 years old.
4) quanta? (adjective) - how many/much?, quante? (adverb) - how many/much?
Quanta homi mortis? - How many people have died?
Quante to kustas? - How much does this cost?
Quante vu evas? - How old are you?
Konversado
En la employo-agenterio (K=Klerko, A=Albert)
K: Bon jorno, Sioro.
A: Bon jorno, Sioro. Me nomesas Albert Smith. Me serchas laboro kom koquisto.
Yen mea atesti.
K: Hm. Albert Smith. Yes. Quo es vua adreso?
A: Me habitas ye kin, Couturat Strado.
K: Hm, yes. Quante vu evas?
A: Me evas triadek e sis yari.
K: Ed ube vu naskis? En ca lando?
A: Yes, me naskis en London.
K: Hm, yes. Ka vu havas familio?
A: Yes, me havas spozino e tri infanti. Mea onklulo anke lojas en la domo kun
ni.
K: Hm, yes. Pro quo vu livis vua antea laboro?
A: Incendio eventis en la koqueyo e la restorerio brulis. Fakte la tota strado
brulis.
K: Hm, hm, yes. Vartez! Me serchos laboro por vu en mea listi. Ha, yes! Ka vu
konocas la Rejala Hotelo? La hotelestro bezonas bona koquisto.
A: No, me ne konocas ol.
K: Hm. Ka vu konocas la centro dil urbo?
A: Me nur konocas la cinemo, la butiki, la biblioteko, e la drinkerii.
K: Ka vu konocas Nova Strado? La staciono es en Nova Strado.
A: Yes.
K: Bone, en ta strado es la Rejala Hotelo. Ol es direte apud la incendio-domo.
<a name="q1"></a>Questioni 1 (Questions 1)
(Click <a href="#q1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
01) Quale la koquisto nomesas?
02) Ube il esas?
03) Quon il serchas?
04) Qua parolas ad Albert?
05) Ube Albert habitas?
06) Quante il evas?
07) Ube il naskis?
08) Albert havas quanta infanti?
09) Quanta homi rezidas che Albert?
10) Quo eventis en la koqueyo dil restorerio?
11) Kad Albert konocas la Rejala Hotelo?
12) Qua bezonas bona koquisto?
13) Quon il konocas en la centro dil urbo?
14) Ube la staciono es?
15) Quo es direte apud la Rejala Hotelo?
Homi (People)
| viro | man (adult male) |
| muliero | woman (adult female) |
| homo | human being/person |
| homino | female person |
| homulo | male person |
| yuno | young person (adolescence upwards) |
| yunino | young person (female) |
| yunulo | young person (male) |
| geyuni | young persons (male and female) |
| puero | child (7 to adolescence) |
| puerino | small girl |
| puerulo | small boy |
| infanto | infant (up to 7 years) |
| infantino | infant girl |
| infantulo | infant boy |
| infanteto | baby |
Answers
of the Exercises/Questions
<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. It is the fifth of March.
2. It is the second of January.
3. Yesterday it was the fifth of July.
4. He was not here on the fifth of July.
5. It will be the eighth of May tomorrow.
6. It will be the ninth of June tomorrow.
7. It was the seventh of August yesterday.
8. My birthday was on the first of October.
9. The letter came on the first of February.
10. The sun shone on the twentieth of November.
11. The boys will not work on the fourth of April.
12. My mother will come on the tenth of September.
<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. Who sees me?
2. Whom do I see?
3. Who can see him?
4. Whom can he see?
5. What do you like?
6. What ate my shoes?
7. What is in the box?
8. What drank the milk?
9. What are you cooking?
10. What is in the house?
11. Who is eating the fish?
12. Who is eating the meat?
13. Whom is the fish eating?
14. What is the bird eating?
15. What did you give to them?
16. What did you give to John?
17. Who (plural) likes apples?
18. Who (plural) likes the birds?
19. Whom (plural) have they seen?
20. Whom (plural) did my friends see?
<a name="q1-s"></a>Questions 1 (Click <a href="#q1">here</a> to
return to the questions)
01) Il nomesas Albert Smith.
02) Il esas en la employo-agenterio.
03) Il serchas laboro kom koquisto.
04) La klerko ibe.
05) Il habitas ye kin, Couturat Strado.
06) Il evas triadek e sis yari.
07) Il naskis en London.
08) Il havas tri infanti.
09) Sis homi rezidas ibe.
10) Incendio eventis.
11) No, il ne konocas.
12) La hotelestro di la Rejala Hotelo.
13) La cinemo, la butiki etc.
14) Olu esas en Nova Strado.
15) La incendio-domo esas ibe.