Curso 09
Lesson 09
- Nonesma Leciono
Vortifado
des- (This suffix is used for making the direct opposite of the root word):
bona - good -> desbona - bad (mala)
bela - beautiful -> desbela - ugly (leda)
facila - easy -> desfacila - difficult
Vortaro
| chipa | cheap |
| freque | frequently |
| forta | strong |
| harda | hard |
| richa | rich |
| fortuno | fortune |
| helpo | help |
| honoro | honour |
| neta | clean |
| ordino | order |
<a name="ex1"></a>Exerco 1 (Exercise 1)
From the above vocabulary make words for the following (Click <a href="#ex1-s">here</a>
to go to the answers):
1. rarely
2. soft
3. expensive
4. dirty
5. dishonour
6. weak
7. disorder
8. misfortune
9. hindrance
10. poor
The Infinitive
Here are some examples of English verb infinitives: to eat, to sing, to clean.
As can be seen, English uses two words, to + whatever the verb happens to be.
Ido, however, uses only one word and indicates the infinitive by the ending -
ar:
manjar - to eat, kantar - to sing, netigar - to clean
(Don't forget that with an infinitive the stress no longer falls on the penultimate
syllable, but is on the -ar itself: manjar', kantar').
Hidden Infinitives: Note that English does not always use the full infinitive,
occasionally dropping the 'to':
'I must go', 'I can go', which logically speaking should be 'I must to go'
'I can to go', on the same pattern as 'I want to go', and 'I try to go'
(Ido: Me mustas irar, me povas irar, me volas irar, me esforcas irar)
Three types of Infinitives:
(bearing the accent or stress of voice on the last syllable -AR, -IR, -OR)
The PRESENT INFINITIVE of verbs ends in -ar (accented):
kredar - to believe; donar - to give
cf. The present tense ends in -as:
me kredas - I believe
me donas - I give
The PAST INFINITIVE ends in -ir (accented):
kredir - to have believed
donir - to have given
cf. The past tense ends in -is:
Me kredis - I believed./ I have believed
Me donis - I gave. / I have given
The FUTURE INFINITIVE of verbs ends in -or (accented):
kredor - to be about to believe
donor - to be about to give
cf. The future tense ends in -os:
Me kredos - I shall believe
Me donos - I shall give
Common Mistakes
(1) You cannot have two 's' endings together, such as 'El mustas iras', 'Il ne
povis venas'. The second verb must be an infinitive:
El mustas irar. Il ne povis venar.
(2) Avoid the temptation to use 'a' or 'ad' with an infinitive.
'El volas ad iras' or 'El volas ad irar' is nonsense.
The 'to' of 'She wants to go' is already conveyed by the -ar ending.
(On rare occasions 'por' may be used for 'to' where it really means 'in order
to': Me laboras por vivar. - I work (in order) to live. However this construction
is not included in the following examples.)
Vortaro
| darfar | to be allowed to (may) |
| esar | to be |
| esforcar | to try |
| komprar | to buy |
| konduktar | to drive |
| mustar | to have to (must) |
| povar | to be able to (can) |
| prizar | to like |
| regardas | to look at |
| savar | to know |
| televiziono | television |
<a name="ex2"></a>Exerco 2
Examples to read and translate (Click <a href="#ex2-s">here</a> to go to
the answers):
1. Me mustas irar.
2. Vu mustas venar.
3. Me volas savar.
4. Il ne povas koquar.
5. Il volas savar.
6. Il mustas esar bona.
7. Il darfas havar la hundo.
8. Me povas konduktar kamiono.
9. La mediko ne povas venar.
10. Mea onklulo volas manjar.
11. Vi darfas manjar la pomi.
12. Mea fratino prizas kantar.
13. El darfas komprar ol.
14. Me esforcis koquar la karno.
15. Me prizas vizitar mea fratino.
16. Me esforcos skribar a tu.
17. Kad il darfas regardar la televiziono?
18. La yunulo volas komprar ca automobilo.
19. Li esforcas regardar la televiziono.
20. Ni ne darfas vizitar la malada yuno.
Vortaro
| an | at |
| arivar | to arrive |
| berjero | armchair |
| binoklo | spectacles |
| chefa | main/chief |
| chino | Chinaman |
| dineo | dinner |
| agar | to do |
| fairo | fire |
| filiino | daughter |
| filiulo | son |
| formulo | formula |
| forsar | to force |
| furioza | furious |
| ganar | to win |
| ibe | there |
| ilua | his |
| kande | when |
| karto | card |
| lasta | last |
| longa | long |
| lore | then |
| manuo | hand |
| nam | for |
| nivo | snow |
| quale | as |
| romano | novel |
| sempre | always |
| trans | across |
| vere | really |
| vers | towards |
| viro | man |
| ludar | to play |
| detektivo | detective |
| komfortoza | comfortable |
| du kloki | two o'clock |
| misterioza | misterious |
| pedbalono | football |
| pistolo | pistol |
| sekreta | secret |
| sidar | to be sitting |
| siorino | Mrs. |
| sideskar | to sit down |
| de tempo a tempo | from time to time |
| rakonto | tale |
| vestibulo | hall |
| sun-binoklo | sun glasses |
| tamen | however |
| cirkum | about |
| sua | his/her/their own |
| dil = di la | of the |
Rakonto por Infanti
Hiere pos dineo me lektis romano a mea filiino qua evas dek yari. Mea filiulo
ne esis ibe. Il evas dek-e-quar yari e preferas ludar pedbalono kun sua amiki
kam (than/to) askoltar (listening to) la romano.
Yen parto dil romano:
'Esis kolda nokto en la vintro e Siorino Gato esis en lito sub multa varma kovrili.
Tamen en la koqueyo la lampo brilis. Ibe, Henriko la filiulo di Siorino Gato,
e la tri detektivi gardis sekreta formulo (formula). Henriko e Konor sidis an
la tablo. Li ludis karti kun Adolfus, grosa gorilo qua portis(wore) sun-binoklo.
De tempo a tempo Henriko manjis banano e Konor e la gorilo drinkis biro. Henriko
esis furioza, nam, quale sempre, la gorilo ganis.
La lasta detektivo qua esis magra chino e qua nomesis Wong, dormis en komfortoza
berjero avan la fairo. Ma ye cirkum du kloki en la matino, misterioza viro venis
trans la nivo vers la domo. Il forsis la chefa pordo, iris trans la longa vestibulo
e lore apertis la pordo dil koqueyo. En sua manuo il havis pistolo.'
<a name="q1"></a>Questioni 1 (Questions 1)
(Click <a href="#q1-s">here</a> to go to the answers):
01) Ka la suno brilis?
02) Ube Siorino Gato esis?
03) Ube esis Henriko e Konor?
04) Quon la detektivi gardis?
05) Quon li ludis?
06) Quo esis Adolfus?
07) Qua portis (wore) sun-binoklo?
08) Quon Henriko manjis de tempo a tempo?
09) Qui drinkis biro?
10) Pro quo Henriko esis furioza?
11) Quale la chino nomesis?
12) Quon Wong agis?
13) Ube Wong esis?
14) Kande la misterioza viro arivis?
15) Quale la viro venis en la domo?
16) Quon il havis en sua manuo?
Titles (abbreviations in brackets)
(1) Sioro (Sro) : Mr/Mrs/Miss/Master/Sir/Madam
In theory this can be used to address either a man or a woman, married or single,
irrespective of age. For example in a business letter:
Estimata Sioro - Dear Sir/Madam
(2) Siorulo (S-ulo) : Mr/Master/Sir
In practice this is not often used, Sioro being sufficient.
(3) Siorino (S-ino) : Mrs/Miss/Madam
In practice Sioro is not often used for women, Siorino being prefered. This is
partly as a compliment to the female sex and partly to help distinguish between
different members of the same family:
Sro e S-ino Smith - Mr. and Mrs. Smith
Any woman has the right to be addressed as Sioro, should she so desire it.
Note that Siorino can refer to both married and single women.
(4) Damzelo (Dzlo) : Miss/ young lady:
Should circumstances require it, an unmarried lady may be addressed as damzelo:
Damzelo Jones, Yen S-ino e Dzlo Smith - Here are Mrs. and Miss Smith.
La damzelo (qua esas) ibe - The young lady over there.
(5) Damo : This cannot be used as a title to address somebody. It refers to a
married or widowed woman:
La damo ibe - The lady over there.
- You don't have to learn the following words; they are just for reference. **
- You don't have to learn the following words; they are just for reference. **
En la domo
| avana-chambro | front room | -> | avan-chambro | somewhere in front of a room |
| avana-pordo | front door | -> | avan-pordo | somewhere in front of a door |
| balno-chambro | bathroom | |||
| chambro | room | |||
| dopa-chambro | back room | |||
| dopa-pordo | back door | |||
| dormo-chambro | bedroom | |||
| eskalero | stairs/staircase | |||
| fenco | fence | |||
| fenestro | window | |||
| fluro | landing | |||
| gardeno | garden | |||
| garden | pordo | |||
| grado | step | |||
| koqueyo | kitchen | |||
| latrino | toilet/w.c. | |||
| manjo-chambro | dining room | |||
| moblo | piece of furniture | |||
| plafono | ceiling | |||
| planko-sulo | floor | |||
| pordo | door | |||
| salono | parlour/ sitting room | |||
| tekto | roof | |||
| teraso | terrace | |||
| vestibulo | hall |
La Homala Korpo (The Human Body)
| head | kapo |
| hair (single strand) | haro |
| hair (collective) | hararo |
| forehead | fronto |
| eye | okulo |
| eyebrow | brovo |
| ear | orelo |
| noze | nazo |
| cheek | vango |
| beard | barbo |
| mouth | boko |
| lip | labio |
| tooth | dento |
| tongue | lango |
| moustache | labio-barbo |
| neck | kolo |
| shoulder | shultro |
| chest | pektoro |
| back | dorso |
| breast | mamo |
| belly | ventro |
| waist | tayo |
| hip | hancho |
| muscle | muskulo |
| bone | osto |
| skin | pelo |
| arm | brakio |
| upper arm | dopa-brakio |
| elbow | kudo |
| forearm | avana-brakio |
| wrist | karpo |
| hand | manuo |
| thumb | polexo |
| finger | fingro |
| leg | gambo |
| thigh | kruro |
| knee | genuo |
| shin | tibio |
| calf | suro |
| ankle | pedo-kolo |
| foot | pedo |
| heel | talono |
| sole | plando |
| big toe | haluxo |
| toe | ped-fingro |
Answers
of the Exercises/Questions
<a name="ex1-s"></a>Exerco 1 (Click <a href="#ex1">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. desfreque
2. desharda
3. deschipa
4. desneta
5. deshonoro
6. desforta
7. desordino
8. desfortuno
9. deshelpo
10. desricha
<a name="ex2-s"></a>Exerco 2 (Click <a href="#ex2">here</a> to
return to the exercise)
1. I must go.
2. You must come.
3. I want to know.
4. He cannot cook.
5. He wants to know.
6. He must be good.
7. He may have the dog.
8. I can drive a lorry.
9. The doctor can't come.
10. My uncle wants to eat.
11. You may eat the apples.
12. My sister likes to sing.
13. She is allowed to buy it.
14. I tried to cook the meat.
15. I like to visit my sister.
16. I will try to write to you.
17. May he watch the television?
18. The youth wants to buy this car.
19. They are trying to watch television.
20. We are not allowed to visit the sick boy/girl.
<a name="q1-s"></a>Questions 1 (Click <a href="#q1">here</a> to
return to the questions)
01) No, esis kolda nokto.
02) El esis en lito sub multa varma kovrili.
03) Li esis en la koqueyo.
04) Li gardis sekreta formulo.
05) Du de li ludis karti.
06) Lu esas grosa gorilo.
07) Adolfus, grosa gorilo, portis olu.
08) Ilu manjis banano.
09) Konor ed Adolfus.
10) Nam ilu perdis la ludo.
11) Lu nomesis Wong.
12) Lu dormis.
13) Lu esis en komfortoza berjero avan la fairo.
14) Ye cirkum du kloki en la matino.
15) Ilu forsis la chefa pordo.
16) Ilu havis pistolo en sua manuo.